The incorporation of modified bases—such as 2'-OMe, 2'-MOE, methoxyethyl, and fluoro bases—enhances cross-linking, duplex stability, and nuclease resistance.
Key applications include but are not limited to: antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA, and nucleic acid aptamers.
Modified Bases
Modified bases are chemically altered nucleotides designed to enhance the performance and functionality of oligonucleotides in various applications. These modifications can significantly improve hybridization affinity, alter thermal stability, and enable the study of specific base-pair interactions or epigenetic mechanisms. They are widely used in therapeutic development, diagnostic assays, and fundamental research.
Modified Bases | ||
2'-fluoroarabinoside | 5-Methyl-dC | Glycol Nucleic Acid |
2'-Fluoro | Constrained Ethyl | LNA-A/C/G/T |
2'-O-Methyl | Deoxyinosine | Methoxyethyl |
2'-O-methoxy-ethyl | Deoxyuracil | RNA base |
5-Hydroxymethyl-dC | Dideoxy-C | Threose Nucleic Acid |
RNA base: The standard building block of RNA (A, C, G, U). Used for making functional RNA molecules like siRNA, miRNA, or mRNA for vaccines.
Deoxyinosine: Acts as a "universal base". It can pair weakly with A, C, G, or T, reducing hybridization stringency. Useful in degenerate PCR primers.
Deoxyuracil: A base that can be cleaved by specific enzymes. Used in techniques to prevent PCR carryover contamination.
2'-Fluoro (2'-F): Similar to 2'-OMe but provides even stronger binding affinity to RNA targets. Very common in siRNA and aptamers.
2'-O-Methyl (2'-OMe): A common modification that increases nuclease resistance and stability. Used in therapeutics and diagnostics.
2'-O-Methoxyethyl (MOE): A chemical modification applied to the ribose sugar of nucleotides, commonly used to enhance the stability and binding affinity of antisense oligonucleotides.
5-Hydroxymethyl-dC (5hmdC): Mimics another key epigenetic mark involved in active DNA demethylation.
5-Methyl-dC: Mimics natural DNA methylation, an epigenetic mark that regulates gene expression. Used in research and to stabilize duplexes.
Dideoxy-C (ddC): A chain-terminating nucleotide. Because it lacks the 3'-OH group, when incorporated by a DNA polymerase, it stops DNA synthesis immediately. This is the foundational chemistry used in Sanger sequencing.
Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA-A/C/G/T): "Locks" the sugar ring in an ideal shape. Dramatically increases affinity and melting temperature (Tm). Great for PCR probes and ASOs.
Threose Nucleic Acid (TNA): An artificial genetic polymer with a different sugar (threose). Extremely stable against nucleases, used in research for novel applications.
Glycol Nucleic Acid (GNA): Another artificial genetic polymer with a simplified, rigid backbone. Studied for its high stability and potential in biotechnology.
Constrained Ethyl (cEt): A bridge nucleic acid similar to LNA. Boosts binding affinity and stability, often used in antisense drugs.
Modification: 2’-MOE
Download the order form "Tsingke_DNA_Order Form.1.1.1.250815.csv" for DNA modifications or "Tsingke_RNA_Order Form.1.1.1.250815.csv" for RNA modifications below and email it to info@tsingke.com.cn, or "Send Your Request" to submit your inquiry online. Please refer to "Tsingke_DNA_Modification List_1.1.1.250815.csv" or "Tsingke_RNA_Modification List_1.1.1.250815.csv" sheet to paste special base and internal modification codes in your sequence.
Common stabilizing modifications include:
(1) 2′-O-Methyl (2′-OMe): Enhances nuclease resistance;
(2) 2′-Fluoro (2′-F): Increases binding affinity and stability;
(3) Phosphorothioate backbone: Improves resistance to enzymatic degradation;
(4) Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA): “Locks” the structure for extreme stability and high affinity.
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