Nucleobase Modifications

Service Details of Nucleobase Modifications

Nucleobase Modifications

Introduce epigenetic marks, damage site mimics, or IVT mRNA-optimized bases — essential for mRNA therapeutics, epigenetics research, and enzyme substrate studies.

5-Methylcytosine (m5C / m5dC):Epigenetic modification adding a methyl group to cytosine C5. Mimics natural CpG methylation. Used in studies of DNA methylation, epigenetic regulation, and RNA modifications.

5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmdC):Oxidized form of 5-methylcytosine found in mammalian brain and other tissues. Marker of active DNA demethylation.

N6-Methyladenine (m6A / m6dA):Most abundant internal mRNA modification. Regulates mRNA stability, translation, and splicing. m6dA occurs in DNA of lower organisms. Critical for epitranscriptomics research.

N1-Methylpseudouridine (m1ψ):Combination of N1-methylation and pseudouridylation. Maximally reduces innate immune activation (TLR7/8) while maintaining high translational efficiency. Used in Moderna/BioNTech mRNA vaccine platforms.

Pseudouridine (ψ):C5-glycosidic isomer of uridine (uridine with the base rotated). Reduces TLR-mediated immune activation, increases RNA stability, and enhances translational efficiency in mRNA therapeutics.

5-Methyluridine (m5U):Methyl group at U-C5. Reduces immune activation and increases nuclease stability. Used as alternative to ψ in mRNA formulations.

Deoxyinosine (dI):Universal base pairing A, C, T, and G with reduced discrimination. Used to reduce positional ambiguity in primers covering SNP positions, or to probe degenerate sequences.

Deoxyuridine (dU):RNA-like base in a DNA context. Cleaved by Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG). Used in UNG carryover prevention systems (AmpErase) to eliminate PCR amplicon contamination.

8-Oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG):Major oxidative DNA damage product. Used as a damaged base standard in base-excision repair (BER) enzyme activity assays and oxidative stress studies.

Inosine in RNA (rI):RNA-specific inosine. Present naturally in tRNA and mRNA editing. Used to study ADAR editing enzymes and as a wobble-position substitute in RNA sequences.

N1-Methyladenine (m1A):N1-methylation of adenosine. Occurs naturally in tRNA. Blocks Watson-Crick face for base pairing. Studied in context of RNA modification mapping.

EVP modified bases (EVP-mA/C/G/U):Engineered Vision Pharma (EVP) nucleotide analogs designed for enhanced translational output and reduced immunogenicity in synthetic mRNA.